Exoplanet atmospheres

Abstract:

A range of concepts for long duration aerial missions, using high altitude balloons operating in the clouds of Venus, have been studied by NASA and JPL for the Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey and for NASA's competitive New Frontiers and Discovery programs. These concepts offer a rich set of scientific opportunities in atmospheric chemistry, astrobiology, atmospheric dynamics, seismology and sub-cloud surface imaging. The Venus aerobot would be sustained in flight by a variable-altitude balloon and carry a payload of instruments at altitudes between 52 and 62 km. The aerobot would fly in the cloud layer containing sulfuric acid aerosols and be subject to large temperature extremes as it traverses a range of altitudes and latitudes at different times of day. To achieve the desired lifetime on the order of one Venus day we have defined a solar power system that would supply power over the full altitude range while the aerobot is circumnavigating the planet. We have initiated development of the requisite technology, including rechargeable batteries, solar arrays, and a peak power tracker for this challenging mission. Specifically, we have fabricated triple-junction inverted metamorphic (IMM) solar cells optimized for power generation in the unique spectrum of light expected at 51.5 km altitude and measured 34.0 mW/cm2 power output at room temperature in initial testing. We developed a coating to protect aerobot solar panels from corrosion in sulfuric acid and demonstrated survival without performance degradation after 96 hours in 96% aqueous sulfuric acid at room temperature. Initial performance data were obtained on a peak power tracker showing 96% power conversion efficiency. In addition, we have developed specialized lithium-ion cells intended to operate between -30 and 100°C and demonstrated 80% capacity retention after 90 cycles at 100% depth of discharge at 100 deg C. These cells were incorporated into a 4s1p battery module and successfully tested under expected flight-like random vibration and thermal vacuum conditions. These results represent key steps in the process of developing the power system technology needed to bring the Venus aerobot mission to fruition.