Deep Search for Joint Sources of Gravitational Waves and High-energy Neutrinos with IceCube during the Third Observing Run of LIGO and Virgo
The Astrophysical Journal 1003:1 (2026)
Authors:
R Abbasi, M Ackermann, J Adams, SK Agarwalla, JA Aguilar, M Ahlers, JM Alameddine, S Ali, NM Amin, K Andeen, C Argüelles, Y Ashida, S Athanasiadou, SN Axani, R Babu, X Bai, J Baines-Holmes, A Balagopal V., SW Barwick, S Bash, V Basu, R Bay, JJ Beatty, J Becker Tjus, P Behrens, J Beise, C Bellenghi, S Benkel, S BenZvi, D Berley, E Bernardini, DZ Besson, E Blaufuss, L Bloom, S Blot, I Bodo, F Bontempo, JY Book Motzkin, C Boscolo Meneguolo, S Böser, O Botner, J Böttcher, J Braun, B Brinson, Z Brisson-Tsavoussis, RT Burley, D Butterfield, MA Campana, K Carloni, J Carpio, S Chattopadhyay, N Chau, Z Chen, D Chirkin, S Choi, BA Clark, A Coleman, P Coleman, GH Collin, DA Coloma Borja, A Connolly, JM Conrad, ST Countryman, DF Cowen, C De Clercq, JJ DeLaunay, D Delgado, T Delmeulle, S Deng, P Desiati, KD de Vries, G de Wasseige, T DeYoung, JC Díaz-Vélez, S DiKerby, T Ding, M Dittmer, A Domi, L Draper, L Dueser, D Durnford, K Dutta, MA DuVernois, T Ehrhardt, L Eidenschink, A Eimer, C Eldridge, P Eller, E Ellinger, D Elsässer, R Engel, H Erpenbeck, W Esmail, S Eulig, J Evans, PA Evenson, KL Fan, K Fang, K Farrag, AR Fazely, A Fedynitch, N Feigl, C Finley, L Fischer, D Fox, A Franckowiak, S Fukami, P Fürst, J Gallagher, E Ganster, A Garcia, M Garcia, G Garg, E Genton, L Gerhardt, A Ghadimi, T Glüsenkamp, JG Gonzalez, S Goswami, A Granados, D Grant, SJ Gray, S Griffin, S Griswold, KM Groth, D Guevel, C Günther, P Gutjahr, C Ha, C Haack, A Hallgren, L Halve, F Halzen, L Hamacher, M Ha Minh, M Handt, K Hanson, J Hardin, AA Harnisch, P Hatch, A Haungs, J Häussler, K Helbing, J Hellrung, B Henke, L Hennig, F Henningsen, L Heuermann, R Hewett, N Heyer, S Hickford, A Hidvegi, C Hill, GC Hill, R Hmaid, KD Hoffman, D Hooper, S Hori, K Hoshina, M Hostert, W Hou, M Hrywniak, T Huber, K Hultqvist, K Hymon, A Ishihara, W Iwakiri, M Jacquart, S Jain, O Janik, M Jansson, M Jeong, M Jin, N Kamp, D Kang, W Kang, A Kappes, L Kardum, T Karg, M Karl, A Karle, A Katil, M Kauer, JL Kelley, M Khanal, A Khatee Zathul, A Kheirandish, H Kimku, J Kiryluk, C Klein, SR Klein, Y Kobayashi, A Kochocki, R Koirala, H Kolanoski, T Kontrimas, L Köpke, C Kopper, DJ Koskinen, P Koundal, M Kowalski, T Kozynets, A Kravka, N Krieger, J Krishnamoorthi, T Krishnan, K Kruiswijk, E Krupczak, A Kumar, E Kun, N Kurahashi, N Lad, C Lagunas Gualda, L Lallement Arnaud, MJ Larson, F Lauber, JP Lazar, K Leonard DeHolton, A Leszczyńska, C Li, J Liao, C Lin, QR Liu, YT Liu, M Liubarska, C Love, L Lu, F Lucarelli, W Luszczak, Y Lyu, M Macdonald, J Madsen, E Magnus, Y Makino, E Manao, S Mancina, A Mand, IC Mariş, S Marka, Z Marka, L Marten, I Martinez-Soler, R Maruyama, J Mauro, F Mayhew, F McNally, K Meagher, S Mechbal, A Medina, M Meier, Y Merckx, L Merten, J Mitchell, L Molchany, S Mondal, T Montaruli, RW Moore, Y Morii, A Mosbrugger, M Moulai, D Mousadi, E Moyaux, T Mukherjee, R Naab, M Nakos, U Naumann, J Necker, L Neste, M Neumann, H Niederhausen, MU Nisa, K Noda, A Noell, A Novikov, A Obertacke, V O’Dell, A Olivas, AS Oliveira, R Orsoe, J Osborn, E O’Sullivan, V Palusova, H Pandya, A Parenti, N Park, V Parrish, EN Paudel, L Paul, C Pérez de los Heros, T Pernice, TC Petersen, J Peterson, M Plum, A Pontén, V Poojyam, Y Popovych, M Prado Rodriguez, B Pries, R Procter-Murphy, GT Przybylski, L Pyras, C Raab, J Rack-Helleis, N Rad, M Ravn, K Rawlins, Z Rechav, A Rehman, I Reistroffer, E Resconi, S Reusch, CD Rho, W Rhode, L Ricca, B Riedel, A Rifaie, EJ Roberts, M Rongen, A Rosted, C Rott, T Ruhe, L Ruohan, D Ryckbosch, J Saffer, D Salazar-Gallegos, P Sampathkumar, A Sandrock, G Sanger-Johnson, M Santander, S Sarkar, M Scarnera, P Schaile, M Schaufel, H Schieler, S Schindler, L Schlickmann, B Schlüter, F Schlüter, N Schmeisser, T Schmidt, FG Schröder, L Schumacher, S Schwirn, S Sclafani, D Seckel, L Seen, M Seikh, S Seunarine, PA Sevle Myhr, R Shah, S Shah, S Shefali, N Shimizu, B Skrzypek, R Snihur, J Soedingrekso, D Soldin, P Soldin, G Sommani, C Spannfellner, GM Spiczak, C Spiering, J Stachurska, M Stamatikos, T Stanev, T Stezelberger, T Stürwald, T Stuttard, GW Sullivan, I Taboada, S Ter-Antonyan, A Terliuk, A Thakuri, M Thiesmeyer, WG Thompson, J Thwaites, S Tilav, K Tollefson, S Toscano, D Tosi, A Trettin, AK Upadhyay, K Upshaw, A Vaidyanathan, N Valtonen-Mattila, J Valverde, J Vandenbroucke, T Van Eeden, N van Eijndhoven, L Van Rootselaar, J van Santen, J Vara, F Varsi, M Venugopal, S Vergara Carrasco, S Verpoest, D Veske, A Vijai, J Villarreal, C Walck, A Wang, EHS Warrick, C Weaver, P Weigel, A Weindl, J Weldert, AY Wen, C Wendt, J Werthebach, M Weyrauch, N Whitehorn, CH Wiebusch, DR Williams, L Witthaus, M Wolf, G Wrede, XW Xu, JP Yanez, F Yang, Y Yao, E Yildizci, S Yoshida, R Young, F Yu, S Yu, T Yuan, S Yun-Cárcamo, A Zander Jurowitzki, A Zegarelli, AC Zhang, S Zhang, Z Zhang, P Zhelnin, P Zilberman, AG Abac, R Abbott, I Abouelfettouh, F Acernese, K Ackley, S Adhicary, N Adhikari, RX Adhikari, VK Adkins, D Agarwal, M Agathos, M Aghaei Abchouyeh, OD Aguiar, I Aguilar, L Aiello, A Ain, P Ajith, T Akutsu, S Albanesi, RA Alfaidi, A Al-Jodah, C Alléné, A Allocca, S Al-Shammari, PA Altin, S Alvarez-Lopez, A Amato, L Amez-Droz, A Amorosi, C Amra, A Ananyeva, SB Anderson, WG Anderson, M Andia, M Ando, T Andrade, N Andres, M Andrés-Carcasona, T Andrić, J Anglin, S Ansoldi, JM Antelis, S Antier, M Aoumi, EZ Appavuravther, S Appert, SK Apple, K Arai, A Araya, MC Araya, JS Areeda, L Argianas, N Aritomi, F Armato, N Arnaud, M Arogeti, SM Aronson, G Ashton, Y Aso, M Assiduo, S Assis de Souza Melo, SM Aston, P Astone, F Attadio, F Aubin, K AultONeal, G Avallone, S Babak, F Badaracco, C Badger, S Bae, S Bagnasco, E Bagui, JG Baier, L Baiotti, R Bajpai, T Baka, M Ball, G Ballardin, SW Ballmer, S Banagiri, B Banerjee, D Bankar, P Baral, JC Barayoga, BC Barish, D Barker, P Barneo, F Barone, B Barr, L Barsotti, M Barsuglia, D Barta, AM Bartoletti, MA Barton, I Bartos, S Basak, A Basalaev, R Bassiri, A Basti, DE Bates, M Bawaj, P Baxi, JC Bayley, AC Baylor, PA Baynard, M Bazzan, VM Bedakihale, F Beirnaert, M Bejger, D Belardinelli, AS Bell, V Benedetto, W Benoit, JD Bentley, M Ben Yaala, S Bera, M Berbel, F Bergamin, BK Berger, S Bernuzzi, M Beroiz, CPL Berry, D Bersanetti, A Bertolini, J Betzwieser, D Beveridge, N Bevins, R Bhandare, U Bhardwaj, R Bhatt, D Bhattacharjee, S Bhaumik, S Bhowmick, A Bianchi, IA Bilenko, G Billingsley, A Binetti, S Bini, O Birnholtz, S Biscoveanu, A Bisht, M Bitossi, M-A Bizouard, JK Blackburn, LA Blagg, CD Blair, DG Blair, F Bobba, N Bode, G Boileau, M Boldrini, GN Bolingbroke, A Bolliand, LD Bonavena, R Bondarescu, F Bondu, E Bonilla, MS Bonilla, A Bonino, R Bonnand, P Booker, A Borchers, V Boschi, S Bose, V Bossilkov, V Boudart, A Boudon, A Bozzi, C Bradaschia, PR Brady, M Braglia, A Branch, M Branchesi, J Brandt, I Braun, M Breschi, T Briant, A Brillet, M Brinkmann, P Brockill, E Brockmueller, AF Brooks, BC Brown, DD Brown, ML Brozzetti, S Brunett, G Bruno, R Bruntz, J Bryant, F Bucci, J Buchanan, O Bulashenko, T Bulik, HJ Bulten, A Buonanno, K Burtnyk, R Buscicchio, D Buskulic, C Buy, RL Byer, GS Cabourn Davies, G Cabras, R Cabrita, V Cáceres-Barbosa, L Cadonati, G Cagnoli, C Cahillane, J Calderón Bustillo, TA Callister, E Calloni, JB Camp, G Caneva Santoro, KC Cannon, H Cao, LA Capistran, E Capocasa, E Capote, G Carapella, F Carbognani, M Carlassara, JB Carlin, M Carpinelli, G Carrillo, JJ Carter, G Carullo, J Casanueva Diaz, C Casentini, SY Castro-Lucas, S Caudill, M Cavaglià, R Cavalieri, G Cella, P Cerdá-Durán, W Chaibi, P Chakraborty, S Chalathadka Subrahmanya, JCL Chan, M Chan, K Chandra, R-J Chang, S Chao, EL Charlton, P Charlton, E Chassande-Mottin, C Chatterjee, Debarati Chatterjee, Deep Chatterjee, M Chaturvedi, S Chaty, A Chen, AH-Y Chen, D Chen, H Chen, HY Chen, J Chen, KH Chen, Y Chen, Yanbei Chen, Yitian Chen, HP Cheng, P Chessa, HT Cheung, SY Cheung, F Chiadini, G Chiarini, R Chierici, A Chincarini, ML Chiofalo, A Chiummo, C Chou, S Choudhary, N Christensen, SSY Chua, P Chugh, G Ciani, P Ciecielag, M Cieślar, M Cifaldi, R Ciolfi, F Clara, JA Clark, J Clarke, TA Clarke, P Clearwater, S Clesse, E Coccia, E Codazzo, P-F Cohadon, S Colace, M Colleoni, CG Collette, J Collins, S Colloms, A Colombo, M Colpi, CM Compton, G Connolly, L Conti, TR Corbitt, I Cordero-Carrión, S Corezzi, NJ Cornish, A Corsi, S Cortese, CA Costa, R Cottingham, MW Coughlin, A Couineaux, J-P Coulon, J-F Coupechoux, P Couvares, DM Coward, MJ Cowart, R Coyne, K Craig, R Creed, JDE Creighton, TD Creighton, P Cremonese, AW Criswell, JCG Crockett-Gray, S Crook, R Crouch, J Csizmazia, JR Cudell, TJ Cullen, A Cumming, E Cuoco, M Cusinato, P Dabadie, T Dal Canton, S Dall’Osso, S Dal Pra, G Dálya, B D’Angelo, S Danilishin, S D’Antonio, K Danzmann, KE Darroch, LP Dartez, A Dasgupta, S Datta, V Dattilo, A Daumas, N Davari, I Dave, A Davenport, M Davier, TF Davies, D Davis, L Davis, MC Davis, PJ Davis, M Dax, J De Bolle, M Deenadayalan, J Degallaix, M De Laurentis, S Deléglise, F De Lillo, D Dell’Aquila, W Del Pozzo, F De Marco, F De Matteis, V D’Emilio, N Demos, T Dent, A Depasse, N DePergola, R De Pietri, R De Rosa, C De Rossi, R DeSalvo, R De Simone, A Dhani, R Diab, MC Díaz, M Di Cesare, G Dideron, NA Didio, T Dietrich, L Di Fiore, C Di Fronzo, M Di Giovanni, T Di Girolamo, D Diksha, A Di Michele, J Ding, S Di Pace, I Di Palma, F Di Renzo, Divyajyoti, A Dmitriev, Z Doctor, E Dohmen, PP Doleva, D Dominguez, L D’Onofrio, F Donovan, KL Dooley, T Dooney, S Doravari, O Dorosh, M Drago, JC Driggers, J-G Ducoin, L Dunn, U Dupletsa, D D’Urso, H Duval, P-A Duverne, SE Dwyer, C Eassa, M Ebersold, T Eckhardt, G Eddolls, B Edelman, TB Edo, O Edy, A Effler, J Eichholz, H Einsle, M Eisenmann, RA Eisenstein, A Ejlli, RM Eleveld, M Emma, K Endo, AJ Engl, E Enloe, L Errico, RC Essick, H Estellés, D Estevez, T Etzel, M Evans, T Evstafyeva, BE Ewing, JM Ezquiaga, F Fabrizi, F Faedi, V Fafone, S Fairhurst, AM Farah, B Farr, WM Farr, G Favaro, M Favata, M Fays, M Fazio, J Feicht, MM Fejer, R Felicetti, E Fenyvesi, DL Ferguson, S Ferraiuolo, I Ferrante, TA Ferreira, F Fidecaro, P Figura, A Fiori, I Fiori, M Fishbach, RP Fisher, R Fittipaldi, V Fiumara, R Flaminio, SM Fleischer, LS Fleming, E Floden, EM Foley, H Fong, JA Font, B Fornal, PWF Forsyth, K Franceschetti, N Franchini, S Frasca, F Frasconi, A Frattale Mascioli, Z Frei, A Freise, O Freitas, R Frey, W Frischhertz, P Fritschel, VV Frolov, GG Fronzé, M Fuentes-Garcia, S Fujii, T Fujimori, P Fulda, M Fyffe, B Gadre, JR Gair, S Galaudage, V Galdi, H Gallagher, S Gallardo, B Gallego, R Gamba, A Gamboa, D Ganapathy, A Ganguly, B Garaventa, J García-Bellido, C García Núñez, C García-Quirós, JW Gardner, KA Gardner, J Gargiulo, A Garron, F Garufi, C Gasbarra, B Gateley, V Gayathri, G Gemme, A Gennai, V Gennari, J George, R George, O Gerberding, L Gergely, Archisman Ghosh, Sayantan Ghosh, Shaon Ghosh, Shrobana Ghosh, Suprovo Ghosh, Tathagata Ghosh, L Giacoppo, JA Giaime, KD Giardina, DR Gibson, DT Gibson, C Gier, P 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Jaume, W Javed, A Jennings, W Jia, J Jiang, J Kubisz, C Johanson, GR Johns, NA Johnson, MC Johnston, R Johnston, N Johny, DH Jones, DI Jones, R Jones, S Jose, P Joshi, L Ju, K Jung, J Junker, V Juste, T Kajita, I Kaku, C Kalaghatgi, V Kalogera, M Kamiizumi, N Kanda, S Kandhasamy, G Kang, JB Kanner, SJ Kapadia, DP Kapasi, S Karat, C Karathanasis, R Kashyap, M Kasprzack, W Kastaun, T Kato, E Katsavounidis, W Katzman, R Kaushik, K Kawabe, R Kawamoto, A Kazemi, D Keitel, J Kelley-Derzon, J Kennington, R Kesharwani, JS Key, R Khadela, S Khadka, FY Khalili, F Khan, I Khan, T Khanam, M Khursheed, NM Khusid, W Kiendrebeogo, N Kijbunchoo, C Kim, JC Kim, K Kim, MH Kim, S Kim, Y-M Kim, C Kimball, M Kinley-Hanlon, M Kinnear, JS Kissel, S Klimenko, AM Knee, N Knust, K Kobayashi, P Koch, SM Koehlenbeck, G Koekoek, K Kohri, K Kokeyama, S Koley, P Kolitsidou, M Kolstein, K Komori, AKH Kong, A Kontos, M Korobko, RV Kossak, X Kou, A Koushik, N Kouvatsos, M Kovalam, DB Kozak, SL Kranzhoff, V Kringel, NV Krishnendu, A Królak, K Kruska, G Kuehn, P Kuijer, S Kulkarni, A Kulur Ramamohan, A Kumar, Praveen Kumar, Prayush Kumar, Rahul Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, J Kume, K Kuns, N Kuntimaddi, S Kuroyanagi, NJ Kurth, S Kuwahara, K Kwak, K Kwan, J Kwok, G Lacaille, P Lagabbe, D Laghi, S Lai, AH Laity, MH Lakkis, E Lalande, M Lalleman, PC Lalremruati, M Landry, BB Lane, RN Lang, J Lange, B Lantz, A La Rana, IL Rosa, A Lartaux-Vollard, PD Lasky, J Lawrence, MN Lawrence, M Laxen, A Lazzarini, C Lazzaro, P Leaci, YK Lecoeuche, HM Lee, HW Lee, K Lee, R-K Lee, R Lee, S Lee, Y Lee, IN Legred, J Lehmann, L Lehner, M Le Jean, A Lemaître, M Lenti, M Leonardi, M Lequime, N Leroy, M Lesovsky, N Letendre, M Lethuillier, SE Levin, Y Levin, K Leyde, AKY Li, KL Li, TGF Li, X Li, Z Li, A Lihos, C-Y Lin, C-Y Lin, ET Lin, F Lin, H Lin, LC-C Lin, Y-C Lin, F Linde, SD Linker, TB Littenberg, A Liu, GC Liu, Jian Liu, F Llamas Villarreal, J Llobera-Querol, RKL Lo, J-P Locquet, LT London, A Longo, D Lopez, M Lopez Portilla, A 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Sluys, A Van de Walle, J van Dongen, K Vandra, H van Haevermaet, JV van Heijningen, P Van Hove, M VanKeuren, J Vanosky, MHPM van Putten, Z van Ranst, N van Remortel, M Vardaro, AF Vargas, JJ Varghese, V Varma, M Vasúth, A Vecchio, G Vedovato, J Veitch, PJ Veitch, S Venikoudis, J Venneberg, M Vereecken, P Verdier, D Verkindt, B Verma, P Verma, Y Verma, SM Vermeulen, F Vetrano, A Veutro, AM Vibhute, A Viceré, S Vidyant, AD Viets, A Vijaykumar, A Vilkha, V Villa-Ortega, ET Vincent, J-Y Vinet, S Viret, A Virtuoso, S Vitale, A Vives, H Vocca, D Voigt, ERG von Reis, JSA von Wrangel, SP Vyatchanin, LE Wade, M Wade, KJ Wagner, A Wajid, M Walker, GS Wallace, L Wallace, H Wang, JZ Wang, WH Wang, Z Wang, G Waratkar, J Warner, M Was, T Washimi, NY Washington, D Watarai, KE Wayt, BR Weaver, B Weaver, CR Weaving, SA Webster, M Weinert, AJ Weinstein, R Weiss, F Wellmann, L Wen, P Wessels, K Wette, JT Whelan, BF Whiting, C Whittle, JB Wildberger, OS Wilk, D Wilken, AT Wilkin, DJ Willadsen, K Willetts, D Williams, MJ Williams, NS Williams, JL Willis, B Willke, M Wils, J Winterflood, CC Wipf, G Woan, J Woehler, JK Wofford, NE Wolfe, HT Wong, HWY Wong, ICF Wong, JL Wright, M Wright, C Wu, DS Wu, H Wu, E Wuchner, DM Wysocki, VA Xu, Y Xu, N Yadav, H Yamamoto, K Yamamoto, TS Yamamoto, T Yamamoto, S Yamamura, R Yamazaki, S Yan, T Yan, FW Yang, KZ Yang, Y Yang, Z Yarbrough, H Yasui, S-W Yeh, AB Yelikar, X Yin, J Yokoyama, T Yokozawa, J Yoo, H Yu, S Yuan, H Yuzurihara, A Zadrożny, M Zanolin, M Zeeshan, T Zelenova, J-P Zendri, M Zeoli, M Zerrad, M Zevin, L Zhang, R Zhang, T Zhang, Y Zhang, C Zhao, Yue Zhao, Yuhang Zhao, Y Zheng, H Zhong, R Zhou, X-J Zhu, Z-H Zhu, AB Zimmerman, ME Zucker, J Zweizig, and The KAGRA Collaboration The LIGO Scientific Collaboration The Virgo Collaboration
Abstract:
The discovery of joint sources of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves has been a primary target for the LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, and IceCube observatories. The joint detection of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves would provide insight into cosmic processes, from the dynamics of compact object mergers and stellar collapses to the mechanisms driving relativistic outflows. The joint detection of multiple cosmic messengers can also elevate the significance of the common observation even when some or all of the constituent messengers are subthreshold, i.e., not significant enough to declare their detection individually. Using data from the LIGO, Virgo, and IceCube observatories, including subthreshold events, we searched for common sources of gravitational waves and high-energy neutrinos during the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Our search did not identify significant joint sources. We derive constraints on the rate densities of joint sources. Our results constrain the isotropic neutrino emission from gravitational-wave sources for very high values of the total energy emitted in neutrinos (>1052–1054 erg).
