Calibration and Characterization of the IceCube Photomultiplier Tube
ArXiv 1002.2442 (2010)
Authors:
The IceCube Collaboration, R Abbasi, Y Abdou, T Abu-Zayyad, J Adams, JA Aguilar, M Ahlers, K Andeen, J Auffenberg, X Bai, M Baker, SW Barwick, R Bay, JL Bazo Alba, K Beattie, JJ Beatty, S Bechet, JK Becker, K-H Becker, ML Benabderrahmane, J Berdermann, P Berghaus, D Berley, E Bernardini, D Bertrand, DZ Besson, M Bissok, E Blaufuss, DJ Boersma, C Bohm, O Botner, L Bradley, J Braun, S Buitink, M Carson, D Chirkin, B Christy, J Clem, S Cohen, C Colnard, DF Cowen, MV D'Agostino, M Danninger, C De Clercq, L Demirörs, O Depaepe, F Descamps, P Desiati, G de Vries-Uiterweerd, T DeYoung, JC Díaz-Vélez, J Dreyer, JP Dumm, MR Duvoort, R Ehrlich, J Eisch, RW Ellsworth, O Engdegård, S Euler, PA Evenson, O Fadiran, AR Fazely, T Feusels, K Filimonov, C Finley, MM Foerster, BD Fox, A Franckowiak, R Franke, TK Gaisser, J Gallagher, R Ganugapati, M Geisler, L Gerhardt, L Gladstone, A Goldschmidt, JA Goodman, D Grant, T Griesel, A Groß, S Grullon, RM Gunasingha, M Gurtner, C Ha, A Hallgren, F Halzen, K Han, K Hanson, Y Hasegawa, J Haugen, K Helbing, P Herquet, S Hickford, GC Hill, KD Hoffman, A Homeier, K Hoshina, D Hubert, W Huelsnitz, J-P Hülß, PO Hulth, K Hultqvist, S Hussain, RL Imlay, M Inaba, A Ishihara, J Jacobsen, GS Japaridze, H Johansson, JM Joseph, K-H Kampert, A Kappes, T Karg, A Karle, JL Kelley, N Kemming, P Kenny, J Kiryluk, F Kislat, N Kitamura, SR Klein, S Knops, G Kohnen, H Kolanoski, L Köpke, DJ Koskinen, M Kowalski, T Kowarik, M Krasberg, T Krings, G Kroll, K Kuehn, T Kuwabara, M Labare, S Lafebre, K Laihem, H Landsman, R Lauer, A Laundrie, R Lehmann, D Lennarz, J Lünemann, J Madsen, P Majumdar, R Maruyama, K Mase, HS Matis, M Matusik, K Meagher, M Merck, P Mészáros, T Meures, E Middell, N Milke, H Miyamoto, T Montaruli, R Morse, SM Movit, R Nahnhauer, JW Nam, U Naumann, P Nießen, DR Nygren, S Odrowski, A Olivas, M Olivo, M Ono, S Panknin, L Paul, C Pérez de los Heros, J Petrovic, A Piegsa, D Pieloth, AC Pohl, R Porrata, J Posselt, PB Price, M Prikockis, GT Przybylski, K Rawlins, P Redl, E Resconi, W Rhode, M Ribordy, A Rizzo, P Robl, JP Rodrigues, P Roth, F Rothmaier, C Rott, C Roucelle, D Rutledge, B Ruzybayev, D Ryckbosch, H-G Sander, P Sandstrom, S Sarkar, K Schatto, S Schlenstedt, T Schmidt, D Schneider, A Schukraft, A Schultes, O Schulz, M Schunck, D Seckel, B Semburg, SH Seo, Y Sestayo, S Seunarine, A Silvestri, A Slipak, GM Spiczak, C Spiering, M Stamatikos, T Stanev, G Stephens, T Stezelberger, RG Stokstad, S Stoyanov, EA Strahler, T Straszheim, GW Sullivan, Q Swillens, I Taboada, A Tamburro, O Tarasova, A Tepe, S Ter-Antonyan, C Terranova, S Tilav, PA Toale, D Tosi, D Turcan, N van Eijndhoven, J Vandenbroucke, A Van Overloop, J van Santen, B Voigt, D Wahl, C Walck, T Waldenmaier, M Wallraff, M Walter, C Wendt, S Westerhoff, N Whitehorn, K Wiebe, CH Wiebusch, G Wikström, DR Williams, R Wischnewski, H Wissing, K Woschnagg, C Xu, XW Xu, G Yodh, S Yoshida, P Zarzhitsky
Abstract:
Over 5,000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube
neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light
emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are
frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic
ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-inch diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu
Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration
of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from
single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single
photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution,
late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively
large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon
detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a
nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their
relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts.
