The Square Kilometre Array (SKA)

Abstract:

Kilonovae are the scientifically rich—but observationally elusive—optical transient phenomena associated with compact binary mergers. Only a handful of events have been discovered to date, all through multiwavelength (gamma-ray) and multimessenger (gravitational-wave) signals. Given their scarcity, it is important to maximise the discovery possibility of new kilonova events. To this end, we present our follow-up observations of the gravitational-wave signal S250818k—a plausible binary neutron star merger at a distance of 237 ± 62 Mpc. Pan-STARRS tiled 286 and 318 deg2 (32% and 34% of the 90% sky localisation region) within 3 and 7 days of the GW signal, respectively. ATLAS covered 65% of the sky map within 3 days, but with lower sensitivity. These observations uncovered 47 new transients; however, none were deemed to be linked to S250818k. We undertook an expansive follow-up campaign of AT2025ulz, the purported counterpart to S250818k. The griz-band light curve, combined with our redshift measurement (z = 0.0849 ± 0.0003), all indicate that SN2025ulz is a type IIb supernova and thus not the counterpart to S250818k. We rule out the presence of an AT2017gfo-like kilonova within ≈27% of the distance posterior sampled by our Pan-STARRS pointings (≈9.1% across the total 90% 3D sky localisation). We demonstrate that early observations are optimal for probing the distance posterior of the 3D gravitational-wave sky map, and that SN2025ulz was a plausible kilonova candidate for ≲5 days, before ultimately being ruled out.

Abstract:

Understanding the cold atomic hydrogen gas (H i) within cosmic filaments has the potential to pin down the relationship between the low density gas in the cosmic web and how the galaxies that lie within it grow using this material. We report the discovery of a cosmic filament using 14 H i-selected galaxies that form a very thin elongated structure of 1.7 Mpc. These galaxies are embedded within a much larger cosmic web filament, traced by optical galaxies, that spans at least Mpc. We find that the spin axes of the H i galaxies are significantly more strongly aligned with the cosmic web filament () than cosmological simulations predict, with the optically selected galaxies showing alignment to a lesser degree (). This structure demonstrates that within the cosmic filament, the angular momentum of galaxies is closely connected to the large-scale filamentary structure. We also find strong evidence that the galaxies are orbiting around the spine of the filament, making this one of the largest rotating structures discovered thus far, and from which we can infer that there is transfer of angular momentum from the filament to the individual galaxies. The abundance of H i galaxies along the filament and the low dynamical temperature of the galaxies within the filament indicates that this filament is at an early evolutionary stage where the imprint of cosmic matter flow on galaxies has been preserved over cosmic time.

Abstract:

Accurately localizing fast radio bursts (FRBs) is essential for understanding their birth environments and for their use as cosmological probes. Recent advances in radio interferometry, particularly with MeerKAT, have enabled the localization of individual bursts with arcsecond precision. In this work, we present the localization of 15 apparently non-repeating FRBs detected with MeerKAT. Two of the FRBs, discovered in 2022, were localized in 8 s images from the projects that MeerTRAP was commensal to, while eight were localized using the transient buffer (TB) pipeline, and another one through SeeKAT, all with arcsecond precision. Four additional FRBs lacked TB triggers and sufficient signal, limiting their localization only to arcminute precision. For eight of the FRBs in our sample, we identify host galaxies with greater than 90 per cent confidence, and one with 80 per cent confidence, while two FRBs have ambiguous associations. We measured spectroscopic redshifts for six host galaxies, ranging from 0.33 to 0.85, demonstrating MeerKAT’s sensitivity to high-redshift FRBs. We modelled the spectral energy distributions of host galaxies with sufficient photometric coverage to derive their stellar population and star formation properties. This work represents one of the largest uniform samples of well-localized distant FRBs to date, laying the groundwork for using MeerKAT FRBs as cosmological probes and understand how FRB hosts evolve at high redshift.