Snaith group

Abstract:

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer an efficient, inexpensive alternative to current photovoltaic technologies, with the potential for manufacture via high-throughput coating methods. However, challenges for commercial-scale solution-processing of metal-halide perovskites include the use of harmful solvents, the expense of maintaining controlled atmospheric conditions, and the inherent instabilities of PSCs under operation. Here, we address these challenges by introducing a high volatility, low toxicity, biorenewable solvent system to fabricate a range of 2D perovskites, which we use as highly effective precursor phases for subsequent transformation to α-formamidinium lead triiodide (α-FAPbI3), fully processed under ambient conditions. PSCs utilising our α-FAPbI3 reproducibly show remarkable stability under illumination and elevated temperature (ISOS-L-2) and “damp heat” (ISOS-D-3) stressing, surpassing other state-of-the-art perovskite compositions. We determine that this enhancement is a consequence of the 2D precursor phase crystallisation route, which simultaneously avoids retention of residual low-volatility solvents (such as DMF and DMSO) and reduces the rate of degradation of FA+ in the material. Our findings highlight both the critical role of the initial crystallisation process in determining the operational stability of perovskite materials, and that neat FA+-based perovskites can be competitively stable despite the inherent metastability of the α-phase.

Abstract:

Obtaining micron-thick perovskite films of high quality is key to realizing efficient and stable positive (p)-intrinsic (i)-negative (n) perovskite solar cells^1,2, but it remains a challenge. Here we report an effective method for producing high-quality, micron-thick formamidinium-based perovskite films by forming coherent grain boundaries, in which high-Miller-index-oriented grains grow on the low-Miller-index-oriented grains in a stabilized atmosphere. The resulting micron-thick perovskite films, with enhanced grain boundaries and grains, showed stable material properties and outstanding optoelectronic performances. The small-area solar cells achieved efficiencies of 26.1%. The 1-cm² devices and 5 cm × 5 cm mini-modules delivered efficiencies of 24.3% and 21.4%, respectively. The devices processed in a stabilized atmosphere presented a high reproducibility across all four seasons. The encapsulated devices exhibited superior long-term stability under both light and thermal stressors in ambient air.